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数学基础


前言:

该文章只是记录一些公式,而不是介绍如何推导这些公式,关于这些公式的推导可以在互联网中找到。

一、求和与求积符号

求和符号:

\(\sum_{i=0}^n a_i = a_1 + a_2 + a_3 + ... + a_{n-1} + a_n\)

求积符号:

\(\prod_{i=1}^n a_i = a_1 \times a_2 \times ... \times a_{n-1} \times a_n\)

二、角度和弧度

你需要了解:

\(360^{\circ} = 2\pi\)

角度转弧度:

\(1^{\circ} = \frac{\pi}{180}rad\)

弧度转角度:

\(1rad = \frac{180^{\circ}}{\pi}\)

三、三角函数

正弦函数: \(\sin\theta\); 余弦函数: \(\cos\theta\); 正切函数: \(\tan\theta\)

正割函数: \(\sec\theta\); 余割函数: \(\csc\theta\); 余切函数: \(\cot\theta\)

勾(直角三角形邻边, Adjacent); 股(直角三角形的对边,Opposite);弦(直角三角形的斜边,Hypotenuse)

\(\sec\theta = \frac{1}{\cos\theta}\), \(\csc\theta = \frac{1}{\sin\theta}\), \(\cot\theta = \frac{1}{\tan\theta}\)

三角恒等式:

\(\sin(-\theta) = -\sin\theta\)

\(\cos(-\theta) = \cos\theta\)

\(\tan(-\theta) = -\tan\theta\)

\(\sin(\frac{\pi}{2}-\theta) = \cos\theta\)

\(\cos(\frac{\pi}{2}-\theta) = \sin\theta\)

\(\tan(\frac{\pi}{2}-\theta) = -\cot\theta\)

毕达哥拉斯定理:

\(a^2 + b^2 = c^2\)

毕达哥拉斯恒等式:

\(\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1\)

\(1+\tan^2\theta = \sec^2\theta\)

\(1+\cot^2\theta = \csc^2\theta\)

和差恒等式:

\( \sin(a+b) = \sin a \cos b + \cos a \sin b \)

\(\sin(a-b) = \sin a\cos b - \cos a\sin b\)

\(\cos(a+b)= \cos a\cos b - \sin a\sin b\)

\(\cos(a-b) = \cos a\cos b + \sin a\sin b\)

\(\tan(a-b) = \frac{\tan a-\tan b}{1+\tan a\tan b}\)

\(\tan(a+b) =\frac{\tan a+\tan b}{1-\tan a\tan b}\)

等腰三角形恒等式:

\(\sin2\theta = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta\)

\(\cos2\theta = \cos^2\theta - \sin^2\theta = 2\cos^2\theta -1 = 1 -2\sin^2\theta\)

\(\tan2\theta = \frac{2\tan\theta}{1-\tan^2\theta}\)

正弦定理:

\(\frac{sinA}{a} = \frac{sinB}{b} = \frac{sinC}{c}\)

余弦定理:

\(a^2 + b^2 - c^2 = 2ab \cos C\)

\(a^2 + c^2 - b^2 = 2ac \cos B\)

\(b^2 + c^2 - a^2 = 2bc \cos A\)